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Those who aspire to a Japanese garden in the Lowcountry would have done well to
have started 100 or more years ago. Great age is a definite asset because
Japanese gardens are not developed overnight and they depend on so many elements
not available to us in the here and now. There really is such a thing called the
“spirit of the place” or “genius loci” which suggests that it is nearly
impossible to impose a design on an unwelcoming environment. The climate,
topography and soil, as well as the time frame, are not compatible. Many of the
plants in Japanese gardens are, however, familiar to Lowcountry gardeners. They
include sago palm, Japanese aucuba, pittosporum, podocarpus, nandina, mondo
grass and Japanese maple, as well as azaleas and camellias, as they are natives
of Japan. But oh, the podocarpus – they are grown into large trees with massive
trunks and branches; quite unlike the rather undistinguished shrubs we normally
grow.
Japanese gardens are many things, but the one thing they are not is low
maintenance. One would think, well they’re only rocks and sand and a few
evergreens, azaleas, some water and a lantern or ornamental basin, so what’s the
big deal? However, the sand is not distributed sand-pile fashion, but carefully
raked into patterns, frequently swirled to suggest waves and it is not the fine
beach or construction sand we are accustomed to. If white is called for, it is
finely crushed granite or if a pale earth tone is desired, a native sand called
Shirakawa is used. Our local sand, having no angle of repose, would simply
flatten out and never hold a pattern. Furthermore, no fallen leaf is allowed to
remain to mar the surface. Visitors to a moss garden recently witnessed
gardeners gently sweeping debris from between exposed roots of enormous trees
with the type of straw broom normally seen here only at Halloween. Another day a
group of laborers were seen on high ladders picking dead needles off pine trees
and dropping them, not on the ground, but in a bucket. One worker was actually
stretched out prone across a horizontal limb to reach its tip. One would not see
that sort of thing in the Lowcountry.
Serious rocks are used as naturally as
we would use pre-molded stepping stones from a local garden center. It would
take a good deal of time, expense and deliberation to locate, choose, import and
place such rocks on the average Lowcountry lot. Some Japanese designers
attribute meaning to these rocks while some say their use is merely an aesthetic
decision and no meaning need be implied. But somehow it all comes together and
does have aesthetic meaning, depending on how much of yourself you are able and
willing to expend viewing them.
Borrowed scenery is another important
component. Most Japanese garden sites are within view of mountains of gentle or
steep incline, frequently with clouds hovering above and below. In this way,
clouds and shadows are part of the mystical atmosphere which frames and
embellishes the man-made scene. In contrast, the small courtyard garden is
totally enclosed by walls, of which one wall is the house, usually with a
viewing veranda, constructed of wood in the normal Japanese style. Large windows
face out on the garden.
Water is present in some form or other. Large gardens
include a pond with a wooden arched bridge or the typically playful stepping
stones zig-zagging across the water, and a small waterfall is sometimes seen.
Smaller gardens will pay obeisance to the Japanese tea ceremony by a flowing
basin with dipper in which to wash face and hands before proceeding
inside.
In spite of all above said indications to the contrary, there will be
those for whom the objections simply cry out for a challenge. And in fact, there
once was a very fine Japanese style garden on Calibogue Cay, sadly no longer in
existence, which was designed by well known landscape architect, Clermont Lee,
who, sadly, recently passed away. A Japanese visitor once said it was the best
example of a small Japanese-style garden he had seen in the United States.
Calibogue Cay, with water views and enough space, is a more hospitable milieu
than is usually available.
Nevertheless, there is much to learn and use from
observing Japanese gardening techniques, the most important thing being the
technique and dedication to pruning. Next, the immaculate maintenance. After
that, the pattern of designs used in paving and then, the quality of light and
shadow that may be achieved by careful observation, planning and siting. No
garden visit is ever without illumination, not only of the garden itself but
also of the culture and values of its creators.
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